Un grupo de exploradores urbanos revela la historia de La Africana, un yacimiento de cobre en Pudahuel, que alguna vez produjo 5.000 toneladas de mineral y albergó a 107 familias en su apogeo.
Pudahuel, Santiago de Chile. 10 agosto 2023. Ubicado en Pudahuel, a 22 km de Santiago, se encuentra un yacimiento de cobre histórico conocido como La Africana. Esta antigua mina, que tuvo su origen en la época colonial, experimentó un renacimiento en 1914 y alcanzó su apogeo entre 1957 y 1978. Durante este período, La Africana fue responsable de producir una asombrosa cantidad de 5.000 toneladas de concentrado de cobre. En su auge, el lugar fue el hogar de más de 100 familias, que disfrutaron de viviendas, escuela, pulpería, policlínico, retén de carabineros y club social.
Hoy en día, La Africana es solo un conjunto de ruinas, con su arquitectura industrial y viviendas en un estado de total abandono. El suelo, erosionado y posiblemente contaminado debido a la explotación pasada, ha dejado solo reminiscencias de su glorioso pasado. Sin embargo, el grupo de exploradores urbanos “Provinciano en la ciudad”, liderado por el ingeniero civil y fotógrafo Camilo Barra, ha desenterrado su historia a través de fotografías cautivadoras.
La Africana no solo es un yacimiento histórico, sino también un fenómeno urbano excepcional. Colindando con una zona residencial, la mina presenta un contraste casi distópico entre grandes casas con jardines exuberantes y las antiguas estructuras industriales ahora en ruinas. Curiosamente, La Africana también cumplió un papel estratégico al enseñar al gobierno cómo funcionaba una mina.
La mina, adquirida por The Anaconda Mining Co. en 1917, comenzó su explotación efectiva en 1953, convirtiéndose en un referente para la minería en ese entonces. Durante años, se utilizó como escaparate para mostrar cómo operaba una mina, especialmente durante la discusión sobre la chilenización del cobre. En 1957, se puso en marcha una planta de flotación, y en 1969, la Sociedad Minera Pudahuel adquirió La Africana. El yacimiento, además de su producción, también proporcionaba servicios esenciales a sus trabajadores, incluyendo una escuela primaria para más de 200 alumnos.
Sin embargo, la bonanza llegó a su fin en 1978 debido a la disminución de las leyes del cobre y la irregularidad de la veta. La operación se volvió económicamente inviable, y la mina se cerró. Este cierre tuvo consecuencias ambientales devastadoras, ya que los desechos mineros fueron tratados inadecuadamente, causando contaminación en las áreas circundantes y la liberación de aguas contaminadas.
Hoy, gracias al esfuerzo de los exploradores urbanos y a las fotografías rescatadas por el grupo “Provinciano en la ciudad”, la historia de La Africana cobra vida nuevamente, recordándonos el impacto de la minería en la región y la importancia de gestionar responsablemente los recursos naturales.
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Understanding COSC Accreditation and Its Importance in Watchmaking
COSC Accreditation and its Rigorous Standards
COSC, or the Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres, is the official Switzerland testing agency that verifies the precision and accuracy of wristwatches. COSC validation is a symbol of superior craftsmanship and dependability in timekeeping. Not all watch brands follow COSC validation, such as Hublot, which instead adheres to its proprietary strict standards with movements like the UNICO calibre, reaching comparable precision.
The Art of Exact Timekeeping
The central mechanism of a mechanical watch involves the mainspring, which supplies power as it loosens. This mechanism, however, can be vulnerable to external elements that may influence its accuracy. COSC-certified movements undergo strict testing—over fifteen days in various circumstances (5 positions, three temperatures)—to ensure their durability and dependability. The tests assess:
Average daily rate accuracy between -4 and +6 secs.
Mean variation, peak variation rates, and effects of temperature variations.
Why COSC Accreditation Matters
For timepiece enthusiasts and collectors, a COSC-certified timepiece isn’t just a item of technology but a proof to lasting quality and precision. It signifies a timepiece that:
Provides outstanding dependability and precision.
Offers assurance of quality across the entire design of the watch.
Is likely to maintain its worth better, making it a sound investment.
Well-known Timepiece Brands
Several renowned brands prioritize COSC accreditation for their timepieces, including Rolex, Omega, Breitling, and Longines, among others. Longines, for instance, presents collections like the Record and Soul, which feature COSC-accredited mechanisms equipped with advanced materials like silicone balance springs to boost resilience and efficiency.
Historic Context and the Evolution of Chronometers
The notion of the timepiece dates back to the requirement for exact timekeeping for navigation at sea, emphasized by John Harrison’s work in the 18th century. Since the official foundation of Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres in 1973, the validation has become a benchmark for evaluating the accuracy of luxury timepieces, sustaining a legacy of excellence in watchmaking.
Conclusion
Owning a COSC-certified timepiece is more than an visual choice; it’s a dedication to quality and precision. For those valuing precision above all, the COSC accreditation offers tranquility of mind, guaranteeing that each certified watch will perform reliably under various conditions. Whether for personal contentment or as an investment, COSC-certified watches distinguish themselves in the world of horology, bearing on a legacy of careful chronometry.
Understanding COSC Accreditation and Its Importance in Watchmaking
COSC Certification and its Strict Criteria
Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres, or the Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres, is the official Swiss testing agency that attests to the precision and precision of timepieces. COSC validation is a sign of excellent craftsmanship and trustworthiness in chronometry. Not all timepiece brands follow COSC accreditation, such as Hublot, which instead sticks to its own stringent criteria with movements like the UNICO calibre, attaining equivalent accuracy.
The Science of Exact Chronometry
The core mechanism of a mechanized timepiece involves the spring, which provides power as it loosens. This mechanism, however, can be prone to environmental factors that may impact its accuracy. COSC-certified movements undergo demanding testing—over fifteen days in various circumstances (5 positions, 3 temperatures)—to ensure their resilience and dependability. The tests evaluate:
Typical daily rate precision between -4 and +6 secs.
Mean variation, maximum variation levels, and effects of temperature variations.
Why COSC Certification Is Important
For watch fans and collectors, a COSC-validated timepiece isn’t just a item of tech but a proof to lasting excellence and accuracy. It symbolizes a watch that:
Provides outstanding dependability and precision.
Ensures guarantee of superiority across the whole design of the watch.
Is apt to retain its value more effectively, making it a sound investment.
Well-known Chronometer Manufacturers
Several famous manufacturers prioritize COSC validation for their watches, including Rolex, Omega, Breitling, and Longines, among others. Longines, for instance, provides collections like the Archive and Spirit, which showcase COSC-certified mechanisms equipped with cutting-edge materials like silicon balance suspensions to improve resilience and performance.
Historic Context and the Evolution of Chronometers
The concept of the timepiece originates back to the need for precise timekeeping for navigational at sea, emphasized by John Harrison’s work in the 18th century. Since the formal foundation of Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres in 1973, the certification has become a standard for judging the precision of high-end timepieces, sustaining a legacy of excellence in watchmaking.
Conclusion
Owning a COSC-validated timepiece is more than an visual choice; it’s a dedication to excellence and accuracy. For those valuing precision above all, the COSC validation offers peace of thoughts, ensuring that each validated timepiece will operate dependably under various conditions. Whether for personal contentment or as an investment, COSC-certified watches stand out in the world of watchmaking, bearing on a tradition of precise chronometry.
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Understanding COSC Validation and Its Importance in Horology
COSC Certification and its Demanding Criteria
Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres, or the Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres, is the official Swiss testing agency that verifies the accuracy and accuracy of wristwatches. COSC validation is a symbol of superior craftsmanship and trustworthiness in chronometry. Not all watch brands pursue COSC accreditation, such as Hublot, which instead adheres to its own demanding standards with movements like the UNICO, attaining equivalent precision.
The Science of Precision Timekeeping
The core system of a mechanized timepiece involves the spring, which delivers power as it unwinds. This system, however, can be susceptible to external elements that may affect its accuracy. COSC-validated mechanisms undergo strict testing—over fifteen days in various circumstances (five positions, 3 temperatures)—to ensure their resilience and reliability. The tests measure:
Average daily rate accuracy between -4 and +6 seconds.
Mean variation, highest variation rates, and effects of temperature variations.
Why COSC Validation Matters
For timepiece aficionados and collectors, a COSC-validated watch isn’t just a item of tech but a demonstration to enduring quality and precision. It represents a watch that:
Presents outstanding dependability and precision.
Provides confidence of quality across the entire design of the watch.
Is probable to retain its value better, making it a sound choice.
Popular Timepiece Brands
Several well-known manufacturers prioritize COSC certification for their timepieces, including Rolex, Omega, Breitling, and Longines, among others. Longines, for instance, provides collections like the Record and Soul, which showcase COSC-accredited movements equipped with advanced materials like silicon equilibrium springs to improve resilience and efficiency.
Historical Background and the Evolution of Chronometers
The notion of the chronometer originates back to the need for exact timekeeping for navigation at sea, emphasized by John Harrison’s work in the 18th century. Since the official establishment of Controle Officiel Suisse des Chronometres in 1973, the validation has become a benchmark for judging the precision of high-end watches, continuing a tradition of excellence in watchmaking.
Conclusion
Owning a COSC-certified timepiece is more than an aesthetic choice; it’s a dedication to quality and precision. For those valuing precision above all, the COSC certification provides peacefulness of mind, guaranteeing that each accredited watch will operate dependably under various circumstances. Whether for personal contentment or as an investment decision, COSC-accredited timepieces distinguish themselves in the world of watchmaking, carrying on a tradition of precise timekeeping.
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